A
ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System)
A system, usually electronically controlled, that prevents the wheels from locking up during braking by reducing fluid pressure in the brakes of the locked wheels.
Emergency brake
A brake system independent of the main hydraulic brake system that can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if the main brakes fail, or to hold the vehicle in place when the brake pedal is released. Usually has a lever that is mechanically connected to the front or rear brakes using cables and levers. Also known as hand brake or parking brake.
Adsorber
Element of the fuel vapor recovery system is designed to prevent fuel vapors from entering the atmosphere: it contains activated charcoal granules to retain fuel vapors from the engine fuel supply system.
Adsorber
Anti-tack compound
A coating that reduces the risk of sticking of joints that are exposed to high temperatures, such as exhaust manifold bolts and nuts.
Anti-tack compound
Antifreeze
Substance (usually ethylene glycol), which, mixed with water, is used in the car's cooling system to prevent the coolant from freezing in winter. Antifreeze also contains chemical additives to prevent corrosion and rust formation, which tend to clog the radiator and coolant passages and reduce the efficiency of the cooling system.
Asbestos
Natural fibrous mineral with high thermal resistance, commonly used in brake lining materials. Asbestos is hazardous to health. Dust generated by the operation of the brakes must not be inhaled or swallowed.
B
Drum brake
Brake in the form of a metal drum located inside the wheel. When the brake pedal is depressed, the warped brake pads press against the inside of the drum to slow or stop the vehicle.
Drum brake assembly
Beat
Radial or axial movement of the rim or end of a rotating part relative to a fixed point due to inaccuracy in its manufacture or improper fit on the shaft.
Electronic control unit (Control block)
A computer that controls, for example, the ignition system, the fuel injection system or the anti-lock brake system.
IN
Drive shaft
Any shaft that transmits torque. Sometimes this is the name of the leading axle shaft in front-wheel drive vehicles.
Drive shaft
Shaft coming out of each side of the differential. which transmits torque from the main gear to the drive wheels. Also called drive/drive shaft or axle shaft.
Drive shaft
Air release valve
A valve or locking screw on a wheel brake cylinder, caliper, or other hydraulic element that opens to bleed the hydraulic system to remove air. Sometimes called «air outlet nipple».
Screw Phillips
A type of screw that has a Phillips head instead of a slotted head. It requires a screwdriver of the appropriate type.
Air filter
A metal or plastic housing containing a filter element that cleans the air entering the engine from dust and dirt.
Volt (IN)
A unit of measurement for voltage in an electrical circuit. A voltage of 1 volt is formed at the ends of a 1 ohm resistance when a current of 1 ampere flows through it.
An exhaust manifold
A pipeline with several channels through which exhaust gases exit the combustion chambers of the engine and enter the exhaust pipe.
An exhaust manifold
Viscosity
A quantity that characterizes the resistance of a fluid to flow.
G
Generator
A piece of electrical equipment in a car that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is driven by the crankshaft through a belt drive. It is used to recharge the battery, the operation of the ignition system and electrical appliances.
Generator (bitmap)
Sealant
Liquid or paste to prevent leakage in the connection. Sometimes used in combination with a gasket.
Hydraulic pusher
Pushrod that uses hydraulic pressure from the engine's lubrication system to maintain zero clearance (constant contact) with camshaft and valve stem. Automatically adjusts to changes in valve stem length as it heats up. Hydraulic tappets reduce valve noise.
D
Overhead valve engine (OHV)
An engine with valves located in the cylinder head, but with a camshaft located in the engine block.
Engine with overhead camshafts (HE IS WITH)
Engine with camshaft (shafts), located at the top of the head (heads) cylinders.
Engine with two overhead camshafts (DOHC)
Engine with two camshafts located at the top of the cylinder head. Usually one shaft is used for intake valves and one for exhaust valves.
Diagnostic code (fault code)
Digital code. generated by the electronic engine management system when a malfunction occurs. This code can be read with a scan tool and used to identify an area of the system where the problem may be present.
Disc brake
A brake that includes a rotating disc against which the brake pads are pressed. During friction, the energy of a moving car is converted into heat.
W
Stub
A piece of metal in the form of a disk or plate that closes a hole in a casting through which the core is removed from it. In the cast parts of the engine housing, such plugs also act as safety elements that reduce the likelihood of damage when the coolant freezes.
Gap
The distance between two parts. For example, between a piston and a cylinder, between a bearing and a trunnion, etc.
Triggering from an external source
Starting a car engine with a discharged or weak battery from a foreign battery by connecting the batteries with heavy gauge wires.
Star
A wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain.
AND
Spark gap (interelectrode gap)
The distance between the center and ground electrodes in the spark plug. Also refers to the gap between the contacts in the breaker assembly in contact ignition.
Spark Plug Gap Adjustment
Plain bearing clearance gauge (Plastigage)
A thin plastic thread in various sizes used to measure gaps. For example, to measure the clearance in a sleeve bearing, a string must be placed along the bearing journal. Assemble and disassemble the bearing: the width of the crushed strip will indicate the amount of clearance between the journal and the bearing.
Plain bearing clearance gauge
TO
Carburetor
A device that mixes fuel with air in the proper proportions to provide the required power to a spark-ignition internal combustion engine.
Carburetor
Cardan shaft
A long hollow tube with universal joints at the ends that transmits torque from the gearbox to the differential on rear-wheel drive, front-engined vehicles.
Cardan joint
Double swivel to transmit rotation at a certain angle. The universal joint consists of two U-shaped forks and a cross joint called a cross.
Crankshaft housing
The lower part of the engine block in which the crankshaft rotates.
Catalytic converter
A device in the exhaust system, similar in appearance to a muffler, which converts some particularly harmful components of the exhaust gases into less harmful ones.
catalytic converter
Oxygen sensor
A device installed in the engine exhaust manifold that detects the oxygen content in the exhaust gases and converts this information into electrical current. Also known as «Lambda probe».
Valve
A device through which a liquid, gas, or bulk material flows. The flow through the valve can be controlled by a movable part that opens, closes or partially closes off one or more passages.
The valve is also called the moving part of such a device.
Load dependent pressure relief valve
Control valve in the hydraulic brake actuator, which works like a pressure regulator, but also takes into account the load on the rear axle.
Exhaust gas recirculation valve
Valve for passing exhaust gases into the intake manifold.
Exhaust gas recirculation valve
Valve clearance
Clearance between valve stop (valve stem end) and valve lever or pushrod. Valve clearance is measured when the valve is closed.
Allen Key
Hex key for loosening hexagon head bolts.
Crankshaft
The main shaft of the engine, located along the entire length of the engine crankcase and having cranks to which the connecting rods are attached.
crankshaft assembly
Compression
The decrease in volume and increase in pressure and temperature of a gas caused by its compression.
Lock-nut
A nut that holds another nut, normally used for adjustment, or another threaded element in position. For example, a nut for fixing the adjusting nut on the valve lever.
Main bearings
Bearings in which the crankshaft rotates in the crankcase. In an in-line engine, the number of main bearings is usually one more than the number of cylinders. Main bearings are usually made in the form of bores in the crankcase, in which liners are laid, coated on the inside with an anti-friction material with a low coefficient of friction.
Rocker
Two-arm lever, swinging on an axle or on a trunnion. In an overhead valve engine, the rocker arm converts the upward movement of the tappet into a downward movement of the valve stem to open the valve.
Castle nut
An elongated nut, on the upper part of which there are through slots for fixing the nut on a bolt or stud from self-unscrewing. For example, on a ball joint pin.
castle nut
«Crocodile»
Long spring metal clip with teeth. Used for temporary connection to the mains.
L
Headlamp
An obsolete headlight design that combines reflector, lens and filaments into a hermetically sealed unit. When the filaments burn out or cracks appear on the lens, the entire unit is replaced.
M
Flywheel
A massive disk in which the energy of impulses is accumulated during working strokes in the cylinders. On automobiles, the flywheel is attached to the crankshaft to smooth out uneven rotation.
Bridge
A node that connects two wheels of a car. A bridge is also called a beam that connects the two wheels of a car. A bridge that transmits torque is called a drive bridge.
Bridge assy
Multimeter
An electrical test instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Also known as «tester».
Fan clutch
Hydraulic transmission that allows you to maintain the required fan speed at a variable engine speed.
ABOUT
Nitrogen oxides
The main toxic pollutant emitted by gasoline and diesel engines at high temperatures.
Ohm
Unit of electrical resistance. A resistance of 1 ohm, when a current of 1 ampere is passed through it, creates a voltage drop of 1 volt.
Ohmmeter
Measuring device for determining electrical resistance.
Ignition advance
The angle that the crankshaft must rotate in order for the piston to reach top dead center, usually expressed as a number of degrees, when the mixture ignites.
Axial clearance
A parameter that characterizes the possibility of relative movement of two elements in the axial direction. In relation to the crankshaft, the distance that the crankshaft can move forward and backward in the cylinder block.
Wheel axle
The shaft on which the wheel rotates or which rotates with the wheel.
Flap washer
Washer designed to prevent spontaneous unscrewing or loosening of nuts for fastening units and parts by bending a special washer tongue onto the face of the nut.
P
Partition
An element of a car body that separates the engine compartment from the passenger compartment.
Fusible link
A circuit protection device consisting of a conductor surrounded by heat-resistant insulation. The conductor has a diameter smaller than that of the protected conductor, so that it acts as the weakest link in the circuit. Unlike a blown fuse, a broken fuse must be cut off the wire for replacement.
Fuse
An electrical device that protects a circuit from accidental overload. A typical fuse contains a fusible wire that is sized to melt at a certain amount of electrical current (in amperes) and disconnect the protected circuit.
Airbag
Inflatable cushion hidden in the steering wheel hub (on the driver's side) or in the front panel or glove compartment (passenger side). In a frontal collision, the airbags inflate, protecting the driver and front passenger from hitting the steering wheel or windshield.
Clutch Release Bearing
A thrust bearing in a clutch that moves axially under the action of the clutch pedal and actuates the release levers or diaphragm spring petals to release the clutch. Also called release bearing.
Plain bearing
A unit that provides easy rotation of the shaft in the housing and does not allow their relative radial displacement. It is usually made in the form of a cylindrical bore in the body, into which a bushing or insert made of anti-friction material with a low coefficient of friction is inserted. A plain bearing generally requires good pressurized lubrication. An example is engine crankshaft bearings.
Plain bearing
Half shaft
The rotating shaft, which transmits torque from the main gear to the drive wheel, is usually installed in the rear drive axle.
The order of operation of the cylinders
The order in which the mixture ignites in the engine cylinders, starting with the first cylinder.
Drive shaft
Usually this is the name of the leading axle shaft in front-wheel drive vehicles.
Longitudinal inclination of the axis of rotation of the wheel
The angle of the wheels, which determines the inclination of the axis of rotation of the wheel in the longitudinal plane. The angle is considered positive when the top of the wheel axis is tilted back.
Bleeding the brakes
The procedure for bleeding air from the hydraulic brake actuator.
Bleeding the brakes
Pad
Any thin piece of soft material (usually cork, cardboard, asbestos or soft metal), installed between two metal surfaces to ensure a good seal. For example, a cylinder head gasket is installed in the connection between the block and the cylinder head.
Pad
Snap ring
Ring-shaped clamp to prevent longitudinal movement of cylindrical parts and shafts. The inner circlip fits into a groove in the housing, the outer circlip fits into a groove on the outer surface of the cylindrical shaft.
R
Radiator
A heat exchanger that transfers heat from liquid to air. designed to reduce the temperature of the liquid in the cooling system of an internal combustion engine.
Camshaft
A rotating shaft containing a series of cams that actuate the engine's valve mechanisms. The camshaft may be toothed, chain or belt driven.
Adjusting gasket (washer)
A thin spacer used to adjust the axial clearance or relative position between two pieces. Adjustment is made by changing the thickness of the gasket.
Rack and pinion steering
A steering system in which the steering shaft has a pinion at the end that meshes with the rack. When the steering wheel is turned, the drive gear turns and moves the rack to the left or right. This movement is transmitted through the steering rods to the steered wheels.
Engine adjustment
The process of fine-tuning and careful tuning of the operation of an engine, including the replacement of certain parts in order to obtain the best possible performance.
Pressure regulator
A hydraulic control valve that limits rear brake pressure during emergency braking to prevent wheel lockup. Also called a pressure limiting valve.
Starter Interlock Relay
On vehicles with automatic transmission, a switch that prevents starting if the transmission is not in N (neutral) or R (parking gear).
Belt gas distribution mechanism
Toothed belt that rotates the camshaft. A broken belt while the engine is running can have serious consequences.
Belt (belts) accessory drives
A belt drive designed to drive auxiliary units such as a generator, coolant pump, power steering pump, air conditioning compressor, etc., from the crankshaft pulley.
Auxiliary drive
Rotor
Rotating part of any device (for example generator).
A turbocharger rotor is an assembly that includes a compressor wheel, a shaft and a turbine wheel.
The ignition distributor rotor is a rotating part that alternately connects the central electrode on the distributor cap to the high voltage spark plug wires and directs the high voltage from the ignition coil winding to the proper spark plug.
WITH
Welding
The connection of two parts by heating and melting the metal in the welding zone.
Free running
Move before the start of the action. «free movement» in a linkage or assembly, between the start of force application and actual movement. For example. the distance that the brake pedal travels before the piston in the master cylinder begins to move.
Serpentine Drive
An engine accessory drive that uses a single, wide, long belt that spans all the pulleys instead of multiple short belts. Usually in this case an automatic tensioner is used.
Serpentine Drive
Engine management system
Computer that controls fuel injection and ignition.
Compression ratio
The ratio of the cylinder volume when the piston is at bottom dead center. to the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at top dead center.
MacPherson strut
A type of front suspension system invented by Earl MacPherson at Ford in England. In its original form, the lower suspension arm is formed by a simple horizontal connection to the anti-roll bar. A long rack is installed between the body and the steering knuckle, which combines a cylindrical spring into one unit» Oh, and shock absorber. Many modern so-called MacPherson struts use a conventional A-arm as their bottom support and are not supported by an anti-roll bar
Caliper
The stationary part of a disc brake that wraps around the disc and guides the brake pads. The caliper also houses the working hydraulic cylinders of the brake system with pistons that press the brake pads against the disc during braking.
Wiring diagram
Drawing depicting the elements and wires of the electrical system of a car, using standardized symbols.
Wheel alignment
The difference in distance between the end surfaces of the wheels in front and behind. If this distance is greater behind than in front, the convergence is called positive, if vice versa - negative (or discrepancy). Usually convergence is important for the front (managed) wheels. On rear-wheel drive vehicles, a slight positive toe-in is needed to compensate for the forces that tend to push the wheels apart so that the front wheels are parallel when driving. On front-wheel drive vehicles, a small discrepancy is usually set.
T
Thermostat
A temperature controlled valve that regulates the flow of coolant between the cylinder block and the radiator to maintain optimum engine temperature. The thermostat is also used in some air cleaners that have temperature control.
Pusher
Cylindrical element that transmits movement from the camshaft cam to the valve stem, either directly or through a rocker (valve lever).
Brake lining
A part made of a friction material having a high coefficient of friction. The brake lining is glued or riveted to the steel base, which together makes up the brake shoe.
Brake shoe
An element of a disc or drum brake that is pressed against the surface of a disc or drum connected to a wheel and is designed to slow down or stop a vehicle. The brake shoe usually has a base made of steel and corresponding in shape to the element to be stopped (flat - for disc brakes and sickle - for drum), to which the friction lining is glued or riveted.
Brake drum
The element of the brake that rotates with the wheel and is acted upon by the brake pads to stop the vehicle.
Brake disk
The element of the brake that rotates with the wheel and is acted upon by the brake pads to stop the vehicle.
Tracer
Stripes of a different color applied to the insulation of a wire to distinguish that wire from another with the same color of insulation.
Turbocharger
A device with a gas turbine and a centrifugal compressor, which is driven by exhaust gases and is designed to increase the air pressure in the intake manifold. It is usually used to increase engine power with the same cylinder displacement.
At
Impact puller
A special puller that screws into or attaches to a part, such as a shaft or bearing. There is a massive blank on the puller rod that can slide along the rod. At the free end of the rod there is a stop, which hits the blank, freeing the part to be removed.
Pointer
Instrument/display on the instrument panel used to monitor engine status.
Sealing ring
A type of seal made of a special rubber material. When assembling the assembly, to ensure a reliable seal, the ring is placed in a groove in which it is crimped by the part to be attached.
Sealing ring
F
Air filter element
The main element of the air filter, usually made of porous paper, through which all the air entering the engine passes. Requires replacement at regular intervals.
Air filter
X
Refrigerant
Any substance used to dissipate heat in an air conditioning system. For many years, R-12 was the most common refrigerant; however, manufacturers have recently begun to use the less toxic substance R-134a, which is less harmful to the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
Honing
Abrasive tool for correcting small deviations in the roundness of holes or differences in the diameters of engine cylinders, brake cylinders, etc. I
C
Coil spring
Flexible steel spiral with different dimensions. It is used in many parts of the car, for example, as an elastic element in the suspension, in the valve mechanism.
W
ball bearing
A unit that provides easy rotation of the shaft in the housing and its fixation relative to the housing in the radial and axial directions. The bearing consists of an inner and outer ring with steel balls between them. Manufactured from special hardened steel.
Constant-velocity joint
A type of universal joint in which there is no speed fluctuation caused by a change in torque transmission angle.
Connecting rod bearing
A bearing that connects the bottom end of the connecting rod to the engine crankshaft. Usually performed in the form of a plain bearing.
Calipers
Precise measuring device that allows you to measure internal and external dimensions. Not as accurate as a micrometer, but more convenient.
SCH
Probe
A thin strip or blade of hard steel having a certain thickness. Used to define gaps between parts.
probe
E
Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
A computer-controlled fuel delivery system that distributes fuel to injectors located in each engine intake port.