Fuel is supplied through nozzles, i.e. intermittently injected directly under the intake valves of the engine. The electronic engine control unit regulates the duration of the opening of the injectors and, thereby, the amount of fuel injected.
Air is taken in by the engine through the air filter and through the throttle valve and intake manifold to the intake valves. The amount of incoming air is controlled by the throttle, which is controlled by the driver via the accelerator pedal and cable. The amount of incoming air is measured by a mass air flow sensor.
The information received by the electronic control unit from other sensors, as well as the commands given to the actuators or control mechanisms, ensure optimal engine performance in any situation that develops at the moment of movement. If one or more of the primary sensors fails, the ECM will execute an emergency program to reduce the risk to the engine and ensure continued driving. In such cases, the engine starts to work intermittently and when you press the accelerator pedal, it may stall.
The control unit recognizes and registers the faults that have appeared, creating an error log. Workshops, when performing service work and during vehicle maintenance, read and print out the entire list of registered faults using a diagnostic tester. If the owner of the car assumes a malfunction of the fuel injection system, then by contacting the workshop, he can receive the appropriate printout of the faults, as well as professional assistance in eliminating the defect. After the problem is fixed, it is removed from the log.
The main sensors and actuators of the injection system:
- A) coolant temperature sensor:
- b) an accelerator pedal position sensor that tells the engine control unit the current position of the pedal; based on the received signals, the control unit sets the throttle opening angle;
- V) the throttle position sensor transmits information about the angular position of the throttle to the electronic control unit;
- G) the idle speed controller determines the idle speed and ensures a constant speed regardless of the number of electrical consumers connected to the on-board network, such as rear window heating or air conditioning compressor;
- d) the fuel pressure regulator maintains a constant fuel pressure in the fuel rail;
- e) the intake air temperature sensor is used to determine the required amount of intake air;
- and) the camshaft position sensor transmits to the control unit information about the location of the piston of cylinder No. 1 at TDC;
- h) crankshaft position sensor determines the rotation speed and position of the crankshaft;
- To) The lambda probe regulates the composition of the exhaust gases by determining the oxygen content in them and transmitting the relevant information to the control unit.